![\"Appareil](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/appareil-portatif-mesures-ambiances-physiques.jpg\")
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Le GRAP se sp\u00e9cialise dans le d\u00e9veloppement et l\u2019utilisation d\u2019outils de mesure pour la simulation<\/b> et l\u2019\u00e9valuation<\/b> des ambiances physiques in architecture and urban spaces. Dans un projet, le GRAP privil\u00e9gie l\u2019approche combin\u00e9e o\u00f9 plusieurs outils sont habituellement utilis\u00e9s pour valider les r\u00e9sultats obtenus en fonction des diff\u00e9rents niveaux de pr\u00e9cision souhait\u00e9s, autant en recherche et en pratique qu\u2019en enseignement. Voici les principaux outils d\u2019analyse d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s et\/ou utilis\u00e9s par les membres de notre \u00e9quipe.<\/p>\n
The GRAP specializes in the development and utilization of tools of analysis for the simulation<\/b> and evaluation<\/b> of physical ambiances in architecture and urban spaces. The GRAP favours a combined approach whereas several tools of analysis will validate a design proposal depending on the design phase of the project. Here are the main tools of analysis that are developed and\/or used by members of our team.<\/em><\/p>\n CODE: [L] Lumi\u00e8re-Light<\/i> [T] Thermique-Thermal<\/i> [A] Acoustique-Acoustics<\/i> [O] Olfactif-Olfactory:<\/i><\/p>\n APMAP [T]<\/a> <\/p>\n APMAP<\/strong><\/p>\n L\u2019\u00e9quipement l\u00e9ger se porte sur la t\u00eate pour effectuer des relev\u00e9s environnementaux d\u2019espaces int\u00e9rieurs et ext\u00e9rieurs.<\/p><\/div>\n Le APMAP (appareil portatif de mesures en ambiances physiques) permet de r\u00e9aliser un relev\u00e9 dynamique des conditions environnementales ambiantes illustrant l\u2019historique environnemental complet d\u2019un individu dans ses d\u00e9placements journaliers. Inspir\u00e9 d\u2019une id\u00e9e originale de Nick Baker et Mark Standeven baptis\u00e9e MARKII pour le projet PASCOOL, Andr\u00e9 Potvin a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 sa propre version (APMAP-1) incluant la mesure des environnements thermique et lumineux d\u00e8s 1995 pour ses \u00e9tudes doctorales. En 1999, une version plus extensive (APMAP-2) a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e avec les chercheurs du GRAP pour inclure la mesure des environnements thermique, lumineux, acoustique et olfactif. Apr\u00e8s une am\u00e9lioration notable de l\u2019autonomie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et de m\u00e9moire du logger interne (APMAP-3), l\u2019\u00e9quipe du GRAP a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 2003-2004 la derni\u00e8re version (APMAP-4) moins intrusive, plus l\u00e9g\u00e8re, robuste et fiable. Le GRAP poss\u00e8de maintenant 10 appareils. Le APMAP est au centre d\u2019une \u00e9tude EPO (\u00e9valuation post-occupationnelle) dans le projet de recherche subventionn\u00e9 CRSH (Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines) “Environmental Adaptability in Architecture<\/a>” men\u00e9e dans le nouveau b\u00e2timent de la Caisse de d\u00e9p\u00f4t et de placement pour lequel le GRAP a aussi agi comme consultant en environnement.<\/p>\n The APMAP (portable apparatus for the measurement of the physical environment) enables the dynamic statement of environmental conditions illustrating the complete history of an individual in his daily displacements. Inspired by an original idea of Nick Baker and Mark Standeven baptized MARKII for the PASCOOL project, Andr\u00e9 Potvin developed his own version (APMAP-1) including the measurement of the thermal and luminous environments since 1995 for his doctoral studies. In 1999, a more extensive version (APMAP-2) was developed with researchers of the GRAP to include the measurement of the thermal, luminous, acoustical and olfactory environments. After a notable improvement on energy autonomy and memory of the intern logger (APMAP-3), the team developed in 2003-2004 the last version (APMAP-4), which is non-intrusive, lighter, robust and reliable. The GRAP has now 10 apparatuses of this version. The APMAP is central to the post-occupational evaluation (POE) study of the SSHRC research grant (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council) entitled “Environmental Adaptability in Architecture”<\/a>, carried out in the new building of the Caisse de D\u00e9p\u00f4t et de Placement in Montreal, for which the GRAP had also acted as an environmental consultant.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n APMMU<\/strong><\/p>\n Cet \u00e9quipement portatif r\u00e9siste aux rigueurs de l\u2019hiver pour effectuer des relev\u00e9s environnementaux en climats froids.<\/p><\/div>\n Le APMMU (appareil portatif de mesure des microclimats urbains) permet de mesurer les principaux param\u00e8tres du confort thermique dans les espaces ext\u00e9rieurs. Cet appareil a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 en 1997 par Andr\u00e9 Potvin lors sa recherche post-doctorale intitul\u00e9e “Ambiances urbaines et comportement thermique en milieu nordique”. La s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des conditions climatiques locales a command\u00e9 un appareil beaucoup plus robuste que le APMAP-1. Cet appareil supporte donc des conditions ambiantes critiques de -30\u00b0C et de vitesse de vent pouvant atteindre 15m\/s. Le APMMU est constitu\u00e9 d\u2019un cadre m\u00e9tallique de “porte-b\u00e9b\u00e9” sur lequel sont fix\u00e9s des tiges t\u00e9lescopiques permettant d\u2019exposer les cinq sondes : temp\u00e9rature ambiante dans un soufflet, temp\u00e9rature rayonnante, humidit\u00e9 relative, radiation solaire, et an\u00e9mom\u00e8tre \u00e0 coupelle. Un micrologger Campbell est log\u00e9 \u00e0 la base du support avec enregistreur de donn\u00e9e (Walkman) positionn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019avant au niveau de la ceinture.<\/p>\n The APMMU (portable apparatus for the measurement of urban microclimates) ensures the collection of the main variables affecting thermal comfort in external spaces. This apparatus was developed in 1997 by Andr\u00e9 Potvin during his post-doctoral research entitled “Urban Environments and Thermal Behavior of people in Nordic climates”. The severity of the local climatic conditions required a much more robust apparatus than the APMAP-1. This apparatus thus supports critical environmental conditions such as temperatures of -30 \u00b0C and wind speeds that can reach 15m\/s. The structure of the APMMU consists in the metal framework of a “baby carrier” on which telescopic stems are fixed to expose the five probes that collect the environmental data: ambient temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and an anemometer that records high velocities of air movements (wind). A Campbell micrologger is located at the base of the apparatus to collect the data (Walkman), positioned at the front of the belt.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Questionnaires d\u2019\u00e9valuation du confort physiologique \/ Questionnaire of psychological evaluation<\/strong><\/p>\n Le GRAP d\u00e9veloppe une expertise dans le domaine de la perception en d\u00e9veloppant pr\u00e9sentement un questionnaire en ligne permettant d\u2019\u00e9valuer le confort des occupants d\u2019un espace en relation aux ambiances physiques dans le cadre de la subvention de recherche du CRSH 2003-2007 “Environmental Adaptability in Architecture”<\/a>. Les questionnaires sont de trois types : questionnaire personnel, questionnaire de la semaine et questionnaire horaire. Ils permettent d\u2019\u00e9valuer le confort visuel, thermique, acoustique et olfactif d\u2019un espace existant. Ils sont particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9s aux \u00e9valuations post-occupationnelles des b\u00e2timents. De tels questionnaires peuvent ainsi permettre aux usagers et propri\u00e9taires de b\u00e2timents d\u2019identifier les conditions environnementales critiques de leurs espaces de travail et d\u2019envisager des am\u00e9liorations futures. Pour une \u00e9valuation post-occupationnelle compl\u00e8te, ces questionnaires sont accompagn\u00e9s de relev\u00e9s environnementaux (APMAP).<\/p>\n The GRAP develops an expertise in the field of perception by introducing an on-line questionnaire that evaluates the comfort of occupants of a space in relation with their physical environment within the framework of the research grant of the SSHRC 2003-2007 (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council) “Environmental Adaptability in Architecture”. There are three types of questionnaires: personal questionnaire, questionnaire of the week and hourly questionnaire. They allow the evaluation of visual, thermal, acoustical and olfactory comfort of people in an existing space. They are particularly adapted for post-occupational evaluations (POE) of buildings. Such questionnaires can thus allow users and building owners to identify critical environmental conditions of their workspaces and consider future improvements. For a complete post-occupational evaluation, these questionnaires are accompanied by environmental surveys, often performed using APMAPs.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n ROSE des ambiances<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n Developed within the SSHRC research grant (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council) entitled “Environmental Adaptability in Architecture”, and inspired from a grid for the analysis of physical ambiances by Siret et.al., the ROSE constitutes a representation which aims to compare the quantitative results obtained from the surveyed environmental conditions obtained from measured data with sensors and APMAPs in relation to the qualitative aspects of the occupants’ satisfaction levels in their physical environment. The ROSE is derived from a particular questionnaire which, contrary to the majority of existing questionnaires in environmental sciences, does not aim at the evaluation of negative effects of environmental stimuli but enhances their quality. The satisfaction scale thus varies from “very pleasant”, to “neutral”, and “very unpleasant” according to the level of quality, scale and duration of the thermal, luminous, visual and olfactory stimuli. A ROSE therefore illustrates in only one graph the satisfaction level of occupants in relation to their environmental conditions (thermal, luminous, acoustical and olfactory) according to their physiological adaptation.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Analyse num\u00e9rique d\u2019images \/ Digital image analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n La m\u00e9thode num\u00e9rique d\u2019analyse d\u2019images permet de d\u2019esquisser les aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la lumi\u00e8re naturelle. C MH Demers l\u2019a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e depuis 1991 lors d\u2019une ma\u00eetrise puis d\u2019un doctorat en architecture intitul\u00e9 : “The Sanctuary of Art: images in the assessment and design of light in architecture” au Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies, University de Cambridge, UK. Les recherches comprennent une \u00e9tude sur le contraste comme int\u00e9grateur global des aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la lumi\u00e8re, une corr\u00e9lation entre les m\u00e9thodes photographiques et photom\u00e9triques, ainsi qu\u2019une r\u00e9flexion sur l\u2019image comme outil de composition architecturale. Une classification des lumi\u00e8res permet de distinguer certaines typologies lumineuses et d\u2019organiser une grande quantit\u00e9 d\u2019images. Des d\u00e9veloppements r\u00e9cents sont pr\u00e9sentement effectu\u00e9s dans le cadre de la subvention de recherche du CRSH pour la Caisse de D\u00e9p\u00f4t et de Placement, \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al.<\/p>\n The digital method of images analysis allows the discussion between qualitative and quantitative aspects of light. C MH Demers developed this method since 1991 during a master’s degree and then in a PhD thesis entitled “The Sanctuary of Art: images in the assessment and design of light in architecture “, Martin Center for Architectural and Urban Studies, University of Cambridge, U.K. The research presents a study on contrast as a global integrator of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the light. A correlation between photographic and photometric methods of lighting analysis demonstrates the interest in using this digital method of analysis. A recently developed classification of lights distinguishes certain luminous typologies and facilitates the organization of a great number of images. Developments are presently carried out within the CRSH research grant for the Caisse de Depot et Placement, in Montr\u00e9al.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n LUMcalcul 3.01: natural and artificial light <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n LUMcalcul est un logiciel pour assister les architectes dans la conception d\u2019espaces \u00e9clair\u00e9s naturellement d\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res \u00e9tapes du design. Il permet d\u2019introduire une discussion sur la relation existant entre certaines variables de design qui affectent la lumi\u00e8re et l\u2019espace architectural avec les divers intervenants dans le processus de la cr\u00e9ation architecturale. Il est utilis\u00e9 dans la plupart des projets de consultation sur l\u2019\u00e9clairage depuis sa cr\u00e9ation en 2002. Cette feuille de calcul Excel, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par C MH Demers \u00e0 partir des \u00e9quations de David Loe et Peter Tregenza (2001), et selon les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences aux strat\u00e9gies de G.Z. Brown et M. DeKay (Sun, Wind and Light, 2001), permet de d\u00e9terminer le Facte
\nAPMMU<\/a>
\nQuestionnaires d\u2019\u00e9valuation du confort physiologique \/ Questionnaire of psychological evaluation [LTAO]<\/a>
\nROSE des ambiances [LTAO] Ambience ROSE questionnaire<\/a>
\nAnalyse digitale d\u2019images \/ Digital image analysis [LT]<\/a>
\nLUMcalcul 3.01 : natural and artificial light [L]<\/a>
\nProfil d\u2019\u00e9quilibre thermique PET4.10 Thermal balance profile [T]<\/a>
\n\u00c9valuateur -LEED- Evaluation Tool<\/a>
\n<\/a><\/p>\n![\"Appareil](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/appareil-portatif-mesures-ambiances-physiques-2.jpg\")
![\"Appareil](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/appareil-portatif-mesure-microclimats-urbains.jpg\")
\n![\"Roses](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/roses-ambiances.jpg\")
D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le cadre du projet de recherche subventionn\u00e9 CRSH (Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines) “Environmental Adaptability in Architecture”, et inspir\u00e9 d\u2019une grille de rep\u00e9rage des ambiances de Siret et.al., la ROSE (relev\u00e9 des opportunit\u00e9s de satisfaction environnementale) est une m\u00e9thode de repr\u00e9sentation qui vise \u00e0 comparer les r\u00e9sultats quantitatifs obtenus \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019appareils de mesure tel le APMAP aux aspects qualitatifs de la satisfaction des occupants par rapport \u00e0 leur environnement physique. La ROSE est d\u00e9riv\u00e9e d\u2019un questionnaire particulier qui, contrairement \u00e0 la plupart des questionnaires existants en sciences environnementales, ne vise pas \u00e0 \u00e9valuer la nuisance des stimuli environnementaux mais bien la qualit\u00e9 de ceux-ci. L\u2019\u00e9chelle de satisfaction varie donc de “Tr\u00e8s agr\u00e9able”, \u00e0 “Neutre”, et \u00e0 “Tr\u00e8s d\u00e9sagr\u00e9able” en fonction de la qualit\u00e9, \u00e9chelle et dur\u00e9e des stimuli thermique, lumineux, visuels et olfactifs. Une ROSE illustre dans un seul graphique la satisfaction des occupants face aux conditions environnementales (thermique, lumineuse, acoustique et olfactive) en fonction de leurs opportunit\u00e9s d\u2019adaptation.<\/p>\n\n\n![\"LUMequation\"](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/LUMequation.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"Pheita-LUMcalcul\"](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/pheita-lumcalcul-eclairage.jpg\")
ur lumi\u00e8re du jour (FLJ) d\u2019un espace int\u00e9rieur et d\u2019utiliser la m\u00e9thode Lumen pour l\u2019int\u00e9gration de l\u2019\u00e9clairage \u00e9lectrique. La validation de LUMcalcul effectu\u00e9e lors de projets de consultations confirme que le logiciel permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer de mani\u00e8re raisonnable la quantit\u00e9 de lumi\u00e8re dans un espace. Une validation effectu\u00e9e pour un projet r\u00e9el est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e, d\u00e9montrant la relation entre les r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires produits par LUMcalcul et les exp\u00e9rimentations r\u00e9alis\u00e9es en ciel artificiel. Les mesures r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019aide de sondes photom\u00e9triques calibr\u00e9es CIE (Commission Internationale de l\u2019\u00c9clairage) d\u00e9montrent qu\u2019il y a une variation d\u2019environ 3% entre ces r\u00e9sultats. LUMcalcul est utilis\u00e9 par les \u00e9tudiants gradu\u00e9s et est aussi distribu\u00e9 aux architectes lors d\u2019ateliers de formation professionnelle.<\/p>\n![\"Lum-atr\"](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/lum-atrium.jpg\")
LUMcalcul is a software to assist architects in the design of daylit spaces during the initial stages of the design process. It allows a discussion on the relation existing between certain design variables that affect light in space with the various professionals involved in architectural creation. It has been used in various consulting projects since its creation in 2002. This Excel spreadsheet, developed by C MH Demers originates from equations of David Loe and Peter Tregenza (2001), with references to strategies developed by G.Z. Brown and Mr. DeKay (Sun, Wind and Light, 2001), allowing the determination of the Daylight Factor (DF) of an interior space. It also uses the Lumen method for the integration of electric lighting. The validation of LUMcalcul, carried out during applied research contracts, confirms that the software predicts, at a reasonable degree, the quantity of light in a space. The validation of such measurements was carried out using gauged CIE (Commission Internationale de l\u2019\u00c9clairage) photometric probes in an artificial sky, showing that there is a variation of approximately 3% between these results. LUMcalcul is now also used by graduate students and distributed to architects during workshops of vocational training.<\/em><\/p>\n
![\"Profil](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/profil-equilibre-thermique-hiver.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"PET-performance\"](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/PET-performance.jpg\")
The characteristics of a climate, program and building form can be used to develop profiles of thermal equilibrium (PET) that represent the daily thermal behavior of the building. The results of PET allow the designer to provide an early evaluation of the “thermal personality” of an area and thus identify bioclimatic strategies most relevant early in the design process. PET offers the designer to modify six building parameters to adjust the profiles: thermal equilibrium setpoint, energy recovery, envelope, solar gain and ventilation (cross and stack effect). This simple tool is a perfect companion to the book Sun, Wind and Light (2001) GZ Mr. Brown and DeKay. It takes the friendly EXCEL spreadsheet is developed by Andr\u00e9 Potvin in collaboration with Hugues Boivin and is constantly revised since 2001. PET is now used by graduate students of the Masters in physical environment and is also distributed during professional training seminars.<\/em><\/p>\n![\"Outil-LEED\"](\"https:\/\/www.grap.arc.ulaval.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2021\/02\/Outil-LEED2.jpg\")
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